Palabras clave
Acuacultura
agua
enfermedades
pez
agua
enfermedades
pez
Cómo citar
Paredes-Trujillo, A., & Mendoza-Carranza, M. (2022). Sobre el cultivo de tilapia: relación entre enfermedades y calidad del agua. Revista Latinoamericana De Difusión Científica, 4(7), 34-49. https://doi.org/10.38186/difcie.47.04
Resumen
La tilapia, originaria de África, ha sido introducida en cientos de países con fines de cultivo, generando un importante mercado, cubriendo necesidades alimentarias de amplios sectores de la población. La introducción de la tilapia ha traído problemas de invasiones en prácticamente todos los ambientes acuáticos tropicales de América y otros continentes, afectando la biodiversidad. Su cultivo ha generado necesidad de agua en altas cantidades, por lo que frecuentemente se emplean aguas poco aptas y sin tratamiento previo; además el agua que se emplea en los cultivos comúnmente es regresada al medio sin ningún tratamiento agudizando el problema. La mala calidad del agua produce estrés en los peces, volviéndolos susceptibles a enfermedades parasitarias, produciendo bajos rendimientos y mortalidad. Otro problema que se enfrenta respecto a las enfermedades parasitarias es la falta de conocimiento de los productores para identificar, prevenir y contrarrestar estas enfermedades. La capacitación y seguimiento de las actividades acuícolas por parte de expertos, así como compartir experiencias es fundamental para reducir estos riesgos. Existen miles de artículos científicos y técnicos que abordan estas problemáticas, pero la mayoría no está al alcance de los productores que, al no estar preparados para el manejo y control de enfermedades, sufren pérdidas económicas y desmotivación. El objetivo de este ensayo es dar al lector una visión general de la relación entre el manejo, calidad del agua y diversas enfermedades parasitarias que atacan a la tilapia en las prácticas de cultivo.
Citas
Abdel-Tawwab, M., Hagras, A. E., Elbaghdady, H. A. M., y Monier, M. N. (2014). Dissolved oxygen level and stocking density effects on growth, feed utilization, physiology, and innate immunity of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 26(4), 340-355.
Aguirre-Fey, D., Benítez-Villa, G. E., de Leon, G. P. P., y Rubio-Godoy, M. (2015). Population dynamics of Cichlidogyrus spp. and Scutogyrus sp.(Monogenea) infecting farmed tilapia in Veracruz, México. Aquaculture, 443, 11-15.
Aly, W., y Abouelfadl, K. Y. (2020). Impact of low-level water pollution on some biological aspects of redbelly tilapia (Coptodon zillii) in River Nile, Egypt. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 46(3), 273-279.
Amal, M. N. A., Saad, M. Z., Zahrah, A. S., y Zulkafli, A. R. (2015). Water quality influences the presence of Streptococcus agalactiae in cage cultured red hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis mossambicus. Aquaculture Research, 46(2), 313–323. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12180
Behringer, D. C., Karvonen, A., y Bojko, J. (2018). Parasite avoidance behaviours in aquatic environments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 373(1751), 20170202.
Bennetts DA, Webb JA, Stone DJM, Hill DM. (2006). Understanding the salinisation process for groundwater in an area of south-eastern Australia, using hydrochemical and isotopic evidence. J Hydrol. 323(1–4):178–192. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.08.023
Bhavsar, D. O., Pandya, H. A., y Jasrai, Y. T. (2016). Aquaculture and environmental pollution: A review work. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2(1), 40-45.
Boyd, C. E., y Tucker, C. S. (2012). Pond aquaculture water quality management. Springer Science y Business Media.
Brazenor, A. K., y Hutson, K. S. (2015). Effects of temperature and salinity on the life cycle of Neobenedenia sp. (Monogenea: Capsalidae) infecting farmed barramundi (Lates calcarifer). Parasitology research, 114(5), 1875-1886.
Canonico, G. C., Arthington, A., McCrary, J. K., y Thieme, M. L. (2005). The effects of introduced tilapias on native biodiversity. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 15(5), 463–483. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.699
Cao, L., Wang, W., Yang, Y., Yang, C., Yuan, Z., Xiong, S., y Diana, J. (2007). Environmental impact of aquaculture and countermeasures to aquaculture pollution in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research-International, 14(7), 452-462.
Cassemiro, F. A., Bailly, D., da Graca, W. J., y Agostinho, A. A. (2018). The invasive potential of tilapias (Osteichthyes, Cichlidae) in the Americas. Hydrobiologia, 817(1), 133-154.
Chenyambuga, S. W., Madalla, N., y Mnembuka, B. (2012). Management and value chain of Nile Tilapia cultured in ponds of small-scale farmers in Morogoro Region, Tanzania. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade.
Chuquizan Castro, M. P. (2018). La capacitación como factor de desarrollo: el caso las unidades productivas familiares (UPF) de Lita (Tesis de licenciatura).
Deines, A. M., Wittmann, M. E., Deines, J. M., y Lodge, D. M. (2016). Tradeoffs among ecosystem services associated with global tilapia introductions. Reviews in Fisheries Science y Aquaculture, 24(2), 178-191.
Diana, J. S., Szyper, J. P., Batterson, T. R., Boyd, C. E., y Piedrahita, R. H. (2017). Water quality in ponds. Dynamics of pond aquaculture, 53-71.
El-Sayed, A. F. M. (2019). Tilapia culture. Academic Press. London
FAO. (2020a). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, Meeting the Sustainable Development Goals. Rome.
FAO. (2020b). FishStat Plus - Universal software for fishery statistical time series. https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/statistics/software/fishstat/en
Ibrahim, T. (2020). Diseases of Nile tilapia with special emphasis on water pollution. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 13(1), 29–56. https://doi.org/10.3923/jest.2020.29.56
Iriarte-Rodríguez, F. V., Mendoza-Carranza, M., Gómez-Álvarez, R., Wal, J. C., y Perera- García, M. A. (2017). Viabilidad técnica-financiera de un Sistema Acuapónico de Baja Intensidad (SABI) para la seguridad alimentaria familiar. Academia Journals. Aplicación del Saber: Casos y Experiencias, 3, 1429-1434.
Isla-Esquivel, M. L., Cuevas-Jiménez, A., y Romero-Yam, L. A. (2011) Factores sociales que afectan el cultivo de tilapia en la Península de Yucatán. Ambiente y Desarrollo 15(29): 113- 136.
Jansen, M. D., Dong, H. T., y Mohan, C. V. (2019). Tilapia lake virus: a threat to the global tilapia industry?. Reviews in Aquaculture, 11(3), 725-739.
Kumar-Velmurugan, B., Jiang, F., Shih, H. Y., Lee, D. N., y Weng, C. F. (2012). Respiratory burst activity in head kidney and spleen leukocytes of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) under acute osmotic stress. Zoological Studies, 51(8), 1290-1297.
Lebel, P., Whangchai, N., Chitmanat, C., y Lebel, L. (2015). Climate risk management in river-based Tilapia cage culture in northern Thailand. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management.
Li, M., Wang, X., Qi, C., Li, E., Du, Z., Qin, J. G., y Chen, L. (2018). Metabolic response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to acute and chronic hypoxia stress. Aquaculture, 495, 187-195.
Lim, S. Y., Ooi, A. L., y Wong, W. L. (2016). Gill monogeneans of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) from the wild and fish farms in Perak, Malaysia: infection dynamics and spatial distribution. SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1-10.
Liu, G., Zhu, J., Chen, K., Gao, T., Yao, H., Liu, Y., Wei, Z. y Lu, C. (2016). Development of Streptococcus agalactiae vaccines for tilapia. Diseases of aquatic organisms, 122(2), 163- 170.
Maulu, S., Hasimuna, O. J., Mphande, J., y Munang’andu, H. M. (2021). Prevention and Control of Streptococcosis in Tilapia Culture: A Systematic Review. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 33(3), 162-177.
Padial, A. A., Agostinho, Â. A., Azevedo-Santos, V. M., Frehse, F. A., Lima-Junior, D. P., Magalhães, A. L., R. P. Mormul • F. M. Pelicice, L. A. V. Bezerra, M. L. Orsi, M. Petrere- Junior y Vitule, J. R. (2017). The “Tilapia Law” encouraging non-native fish threatens Amazonian River basins. Biodiversity and Conservation, 26(1), 243-246.
Paredes-Trujillo, A., Velázquez-Abunader, I., Torres-Irineo, E., Romero, D., y Vidal- Martínez, V. M. (2016). Geographical distribution of protozoan and metazoan parasites of farmed Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) (Perciformes: Cichlidae) in Yucatán, México. Parasites and Vectors, 9(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1332-9
Preena, P. G., Dharmaratnam, A., y Swaminathan, T. R. (2020). Antimicrobial Resistance analysis of Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Freshwater Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Cultured in Kerala, India. Current Microbiology, 77(11), 3278–3287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-020-02158-1
Rahman, M. L., Shahjahan, M., y Ahmed, N. (2021). Tilapia farming in Bangladesh: adaptation to climate change. Sustainability, 13(14), 7657.
Rose, K. A., Cowan Jr, J. H., Winemiller, K. O., Myers, R. A., y Hilborn, R. (2001). Compensatory density dependence in fish populations: importance, controversy, understanding and prognosis. Fish and Fisheries, 2(4), 293-327.
Roriz, G. D., Delphino, M. K. D. V. C., Gardner, I. A., y Gonçalves, V. S. P. (2017). Characterization of tilapia farming in net cages at a tropical reservoir in Brazil. Aquaculture Reports, 6, 43-48.
Russell, D. J., Thuesen, P. A., y Thomson, F. E. (2012). A review of the biology, ecology, distribution and control of Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters 1852) (Pisces: Cichlidae) with particular emphasis on invasive Australian populations. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 22(3), 533-554.
Salem, M. E. S., Abdel-Ghany, H. M., y Almisherfi, H. M. (2021). Role of dietary Laurencia obtusa in enhancing growth, blood indices, and hypoxia resistance of red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. mossambicus). Journal of Applied Phycology, 33(4), 2617-2628.
Salgado-Maldonado, G., y Rubio-Godoy, M. (2014). Helmintos parásitos de peces de agua dulce introducidos. Especies acuáticas invasoras en México, 269-285.
Shinn A, Pratoomyot J, Bron J, Paladini G, Brooker E, Brooker A. (2015). Economic impacts of aquatic parasites on global finfish production. Global Aquaculture Advocate. 201558–61.
Soler-Jiménez, L. C., Paredes-Trujillo, A. I., y Vidal-Martínez, V. M. (2017). Helminth parasites of finfish commercial aquaculture in Latin America. Journal of helminthology, 91(2), 110-136.
Sures, B., Nachev, M., Pahl, M., Grabner, D., y Selbach, C. (2017). Parasites as drivers of key processes in aquatic ecosystems: Facts and future directions. Experimental Parasitology, 180, 141-147.
Tan, H. Y., Chen, S. W., y Hu, S. Y. (2019). Improvements in the growth performance, immunity, disease resistance, and gut microbiota by the probiotic Rummeliibacillus stabekisii in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish y Shellfish Immunology, 92, 265-275.
Thomaz, J. M., Martins, N. D., Monteiro, D. A., Rantin, F. T., y Kalinin, A. L. (2009). Cardio- respiratory function and oxidative stress biomarkers in Nile tilapia exposed to the organophosphate insecticide trichlorfon (NEGUVON®). Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 72(5), 1413-1424.
Uddin, M. N., Kabir, K. H., Roy, D., Hasan, M. T., Sarker, M. A., y Dunn, E. S. (2021). Understanding the constraints and its related factors in tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) fish culture at farm level: A case from Bangladesh. Aquaculture, 530, 735927.
Vijayan, M. M., Pereira, C., Grau, E. G., y Iwama, G. K. (1997). Metabolic responses associated with confinement stress in tilapia: the role of cortisol. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology, 116(1), 89-95.
Yu, J., Xia, M., Zhen, W., Shen, R., He, H., Guan, B., Elzer, J., y Liu, Z. (2020). Density- dependent effects of omnivorous bitterling (Acheilognathus macropterus) on nutrient and plankton communities: implications for lake management and restoration. Hydrobiologia, 847(15), 3309-3319.
Zavala-Leal, O. I., y Ortega, J. R. F. (2021). Tilapias: de la introducción a la producción, desarrollo económico de su cultivo en méxico. Acta Pesquera, 7(14).
Zeitoun, M. M., EL-Azrak, K. E. D. M., Zaki, M. A., Nemat-Allah, B. R., y Mehana, E. S. E. (2016). Effects of ammonia toxicity on growth performance, cortisol, glucose and hematological response of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aceh Journal of Animal Science, 1(1), 21-28.
Zhang, Z. (2021). Research advances on Tilapia streptococcosis. Pathogens, 10(5), 558. Ziska, L. H., Blumenthal, D. M., Runion, G. B., Hunt, E. R., y Diaz-Soltero, H. (2011). Invasive species and climate change: An agronomic perspective. Climatic Change, 105(1), 13–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9879-5
Aguirre-Fey, D., Benítez-Villa, G. E., de Leon, G. P. P., y Rubio-Godoy, M. (2015). Population dynamics of Cichlidogyrus spp. and Scutogyrus sp.(Monogenea) infecting farmed tilapia in Veracruz, México. Aquaculture, 443, 11-15.
Aly, W., y Abouelfadl, K. Y. (2020). Impact of low-level water pollution on some biological aspects of redbelly tilapia (Coptodon zillii) in River Nile, Egypt. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 46(3), 273-279.
Amal, M. N. A., Saad, M. Z., Zahrah, A. S., y Zulkafli, A. R. (2015). Water quality influences the presence of Streptococcus agalactiae in cage cultured red hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis mossambicus. Aquaculture Research, 46(2), 313–323. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12180
Behringer, D. C., Karvonen, A., y Bojko, J. (2018). Parasite avoidance behaviours in aquatic environments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 373(1751), 20170202.
Bennetts DA, Webb JA, Stone DJM, Hill DM. (2006). Understanding the salinisation process for groundwater in an area of south-eastern Australia, using hydrochemical and isotopic evidence. J Hydrol. 323(1–4):178–192. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.08.023
Bhavsar, D. O., Pandya, H. A., y Jasrai, Y. T. (2016). Aquaculture and environmental pollution: A review work. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2(1), 40-45.
Boyd, C. E., y Tucker, C. S. (2012). Pond aquaculture water quality management. Springer Science y Business Media.
Brazenor, A. K., y Hutson, K. S. (2015). Effects of temperature and salinity on the life cycle of Neobenedenia sp. (Monogenea: Capsalidae) infecting farmed barramundi (Lates calcarifer). Parasitology research, 114(5), 1875-1886.
Canonico, G. C., Arthington, A., McCrary, J. K., y Thieme, M. L. (2005). The effects of introduced tilapias on native biodiversity. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 15(5), 463–483. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.699
Cao, L., Wang, W., Yang, Y., Yang, C., Yuan, Z., Xiong, S., y Diana, J. (2007). Environmental impact of aquaculture and countermeasures to aquaculture pollution in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research-International, 14(7), 452-462.
Cassemiro, F. A., Bailly, D., da Graca, W. J., y Agostinho, A. A. (2018). The invasive potential of tilapias (Osteichthyes, Cichlidae) in the Americas. Hydrobiologia, 817(1), 133-154.
Chenyambuga, S. W., Madalla, N., y Mnembuka, B. (2012). Management and value chain of Nile Tilapia cultured in ponds of small-scale farmers in Morogoro Region, Tanzania. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade.
Chuquizan Castro, M. P. (2018). La capacitación como factor de desarrollo: el caso las unidades productivas familiares (UPF) de Lita (Tesis de licenciatura).
Deines, A. M., Wittmann, M. E., Deines, J. M., y Lodge, D. M. (2016). Tradeoffs among ecosystem services associated with global tilapia introductions. Reviews in Fisheries Science y Aquaculture, 24(2), 178-191.
Diana, J. S., Szyper, J. P., Batterson, T. R., Boyd, C. E., y Piedrahita, R. H. (2017). Water quality in ponds. Dynamics of pond aquaculture, 53-71.
El-Sayed, A. F. M. (2019). Tilapia culture. Academic Press. London
FAO. (2020a). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, Meeting the Sustainable Development Goals. Rome.
FAO. (2020b). FishStat Plus - Universal software for fishery statistical time series. https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/statistics/software/fishstat/en
Ibrahim, T. (2020). Diseases of Nile tilapia with special emphasis on water pollution. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 13(1), 29–56. https://doi.org/10.3923/jest.2020.29.56
Iriarte-Rodríguez, F. V., Mendoza-Carranza, M., Gómez-Álvarez, R., Wal, J. C., y Perera- García, M. A. (2017). Viabilidad técnica-financiera de un Sistema Acuapónico de Baja Intensidad (SABI) para la seguridad alimentaria familiar. Academia Journals. Aplicación del Saber: Casos y Experiencias, 3, 1429-1434.
Isla-Esquivel, M. L., Cuevas-Jiménez, A., y Romero-Yam, L. A. (2011) Factores sociales que afectan el cultivo de tilapia en la Península de Yucatán. Ambiente y Desarrollo 15(29): 113- 136.
Jansen, M. D., Dong, H. T., y Mohan, C. V. (2019). Tilapia lake virus: a threat to the global tilapia industry?. Reviews in Aquaculture, 11(3), 725-739.
Kumar-Velmurugan, B., Jiang, F., Shih, H. Y., Lee, D. N., y Weng, C. F. (2012). Respiratory burst activity in head kidney and spleen leukocytes of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) under acute osmotic stress. Zoological Studies, 51(8), 1290-1297.
Lebel, P., Whangchai, N., Chitmanat, C., y Lebel, L. (2015). Climate risk management in river-based Tilapia cage culture in northern Thailand. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management.
Li, M., Wang, X., Qi, C., Li, E., Du, Z., Qin, J. G., y Chen, L. (2018). Metabolic response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to acute and chronic hypoxia stress. Aquaculture, 495, 187-195.
Lim, S. Y., Ooi, A. L., y Wong, W. L. (2016). Gill monogeneans of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) from the wild and fish farms in Perak, Malaysia: infection dynamics and spatial distribution. SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1-10.
Liu, G., Zhu, J., Chen, K., Gao, T., Yao, H., Liu, Y., Wei, Z. y Lu, C. (2016). Development of Streptococcus agalactiae vaccines for tilapia. Diseases of aquatic organisms, 122(2), 163- 170.
Maulu, S., Hasimuna, O. J., Mphande, J., y Munang’andu, H. M. (2021). Prevention and Control of Streptococcosis in Tilapia Culture: A Systematic Review. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 33(3), 162-177.
Padial, A. A., Agostinho, Â. A., Azevedo-Santos, V. M., Frehse, F. A., Lima-Junior, D. P., Magalhães, A. L., R. P. Mormul • F. M. Pelicice, L. A. V. Bezerra, M. L. Orsi, M. Petrere- Junior y Vitule, J. R. (2017). The “Tilapia Law” encouraging non-native fish threatens Amazonian River basins. Biodiversity and Conservation, 26(1), 243-246.
Paredes-Trujillo, A., Velázquez-Abunader, I., Torres-Irineo, E., Romero, D., y Vidal- Martínez, V. M. (2016). Geographical distribution of protozoan and metazoan parasites of farmed Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) (Perciformes: Cichlidae) in Yucatán, México. Parasites and Vectors, 9(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1332-9
Preena, P. G., Dharmaratnam, A., y Swaminathan, T. R. (2020). Antimicrobial Resistance analysis of Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Freshwater Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Cultured in Kerala, India. Current Microbiology, 77(11), 3278–3287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-020-02158-1
Rahman, M. L., Shahjahan, M., y Ahmed, N. (2021). Tilapia farming in Bangladesh: adaptation to climate change. Sustainability, 13(14), 7657.
Rose, K. A., Cowan Jr, J. H., Winemiller, K. O., Myers, R. A., y Hilborn, R. (2001). Compensatory density dependence in fish populations: importance, controversy, understanding and prognosis. Fish and Fisheries, 2(4), 293-327.
Roriz, G. D., Delphino, M. K. D. V. C., Gardner, I. A., y Gonçalves, V. S. P. (2017). Characterization of tilapia farming in net cages at a tropical reservoir in Brazil. Aquaculture Reports, 6, 43-48.
Russell, D. J., Thuesen, P. A., y Thomson, F. E. (2012). A review of the biology, ecology, distribution and control of Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters 1852) (Pisces: Cichlidae) with particular emphasis on invasive Australian populations. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 22(3), 533-554.
Salem, M. E. S., Abdel-Ghany, H. M., y Almisherfi, H. M. (2021). Role of dietary Laurencia obtusa in enhancing growth, blood indices, and hypoxia resistance of red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. mossambicus). Journal of Applied Phycology, 33(4), 2617-2628.
Salgado-Maldonado, G., y Rubio-Godoy, M. (2014). Helmintos parásitos de peces de agua dulce introducidos. Especies acuáticas invasoras en México, 269-285.
Shinn A, Pratoomyot J, Bron J, Paladini G, Brooker E, Brooker A. (2015). Economic impacts of aquatic parasites on global finfish production. Global Aquaculture Advocate. 201558–61.
Soler-Jiménez, L. C., Paredes-Trujillo, A. I., y Vidal-Martínez, V. M. (2017). Helminth parasites of finfish commercial aquaculture in Latin America. Journal of helminthology, 91(2), 110-136.
Sures, B., Nachev, M., Pahl, M., Grabner, D., y Selbach, C. (2017). Parasites as drivers of key processes in aquatic ecosystems: Facts and future directions. Experimental Parasitology, 180, 141-147.
Tan, H. Y., Chen, S. W., y Hu, S. Y. (2019). Improvements in the growth performance, immunity, disease resistance, and gut microbiota by the probiotic Rummeliibacillus stabekisii in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish y Shellfish Immunology, 92, 265-275.
Thomaz, J. M., Martins, N. D., Monteiro, D. A., Rantin, F. T., y Kalinin, A. L. (2009). Cardio- respiratory function and oxidative stress biomarkers in Nile tilapia exposed to the organophosphate insecticide trichlorfon (NEGUVON®). Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 72(5), 1413-1424.
Uddin, M. N., Kabir, K. H., Roy, D., Hasan, M. T., Sarker, M. A., y Dunn, E. S. (2021). Understanding the constraints and its related factors in tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) fish culture at farm level: A case from Bangladesh. Aquaculture, 530, 735927.
Vijayan, M. M., Pereira, C., Grau, E. G., y Iwama, G. K. (1997). Metabolic responses associated with confinement stress in tilapia: the role of cortisol. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology, 116(1), 89-95.
Yu, J., Xia, M., Zhen, W., Shen, R., He, H., Guan, B., Elzer, J., y Liu, Z. (2020). Density- dependent effects of omnivorous bitterling (Acheilognathus macropterus) on nutrient and plankton communities: implications for lake management and restoration. Hydrobiologia, 847(15), 3309-3319.
Zavala-Leal, O. I., y Ortega, J. R. F. (2021). Tilapias: de la introducción a la producción, desarrollo económico de su cultivo en méxico. Acta Pesquera, 7(14).
Zeitoun, M. M., EL-Azrak, K. E. D. M., Zaki, M. A., Nemat-Allah, B. R., y Mehana, E. S. E. (2016). Effects of ammonia toxicity on growth performance, cortisol, glucose and hematological response of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aceh Journal of Animal Science, 1(1), 21-28.
Zhang, Z. (2021). Research advances on Tilapia streptococcosis. Pathogens, 10(5), 558. Ziska, L. H., Blumenthal, D. M., Runion, G. B., Hunt, E. R., y Diaz-Soltero, H. (2011). Invasive species and climate change: An agronomic perspective. Climatic Change, 105(1), 13–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9879-5
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